23-02: What Went Wrong with my Mass Balance: Calculation of EvaporationWater conservation is becoming increasingly important. In some cases, facilities are being driven to zero blowdown or zero liquid discharge (ZLD). These constraints impose limitations on the amount of makeup water that can be utilized. A major component of the makeup is evaporation of water from the cooling tower. The rule of thumb often employed (Equation 1) is inaccurate and insufficient for predictive and planning purposes. In fact, evaporation can

The test system applies torque and axial thrust loads to simulate actual fan loading conditions

Flow measurement is the single most critical parameter in cooling tower testing

elevated temperature capability

When a fan motor is not energized

This paper will examine the claims of Solid water treatment products to understand if they stand up to close scrutiny

the use of the so called ultra-low noise fans is mandatory

goals of activation

The work on the first two towers is scheduled for completion in July 2004

4°C) over the long distance without the need of any pump and consuming any electricity

Each biocide was tested at concentrations that represent recommended treatment dosages for industrial water systems

Both scientific and empirical data will be presented

Underwriters' Laboratories